Dynamic mechanical bonding method and apparatus

ABSTRACT

A method of and apparatus for dynamically mechanically bonding together a plurality of laminae, at least one of which comprises thermoplastic material: for example, polyethylene. In one aspect of the invention the laminae are forwarded in face to face relation through a pressure biased nip between a patterned nip defining member and an opposing nip defining member (eg, a relief patterned cylinder and an anvil cylinder) which members are independently driven to maintain a predetermined surface velocity differential between them. In another aspect of the invention which is particularly useful at intermediate and higher line velocities --preferably for line velocities of about 300 feet or more per minute and, more preferably, for line speeds of about 450 feet or more per minute -- the nip defining members say be operated with equal surface velocities. In each of these aspects of the invention, the members may be biased towards each other to provide a predetermined pattern-element-psi loading; and, additionally, they may be independently heated to provide each with an elevated surface temperature which is, preferably, in a predetermined range below the melt temperature of the thermoplastic lamina disposed closest to or in contact with each respective nip defining member as the laminae are forwarded through the nip. &lt;IMAGE&gt;

DESCRIPTION

1. Field Of The Invention

The invention pertains to methods of and apparatus for autogenous (i.e.,without adhesives) laminating plural layers or laminae of sheet materialtogether, at least one layer of which is thermoplastic film or web ornon-woven or the like. It is, however, not intended to thereby limit theinvention to precluding adhesive augmentation of such autogenouslaminating.

2. Background Art

Laminated Sheet Material And Methods Of Making Such Material aredisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,530,023 which issued Sept. 22, 1970 to R.W. Schutte et al. As disclosed, such material comprises at least twoadjacent layers of cellulosic fiber sheet material, and a layer ofthermoplastic material which layers are secured together at a pluralityof bonding areas by heat and pressure without the addition of anyadhesive material. This patent states that such bonding may be achievedby forwarding the layers through a nip between two rolls which rolls arearranged to maintain a fixed spacial relationship relative to eachother. As further disclosed, one of the rolls may be smooth surfacedwith the other having spaced projections extending outwardly from itscylindrical surface; or both rolls may have such projections. Bondingareas of a size of from about 0.0005 to about 0.002 square inches (fromabout 0.003 to about 0.013 square centimeters) are said to be preferred.

A non-woven structure, method and apparatus for producing non-wovens isdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,035,219 which issued July 12, 1977 to DavidCharles Cumbers. In this apparatus as disclosed, a thermoplasticnon-woven is first formed as by extruding the thermoplastic from aspinneret; and then passing the filamentary mass through bonding means.In the bonding means, a bonding member such as a roll is provided whichhas projections on it; the bonding member is heated to a temperaturebelow the softening point of the thermoplastic to be bonded, and thebonding member is pressure biased towards a backing member such as aroll; and the material to be bonded is passed therebetween. For example,through the nip between a pair of pressure biased nip rollers: a heatedpattern roller having projections; and a backing roller. Bonding is saidto be effected by virtue of the work done by the pressure biased, heatedprojections to compress the material. Projections having areas of fromabout 0.00001 to about 0.0005 square inches (from about 0.00006 to about0.003 square centimeters) are stated to be preferred albeit projectionshaving areas of up to about 0.001 square inches (about 0.006 squarecentimeters) are claimed.

While prior art laminating apparatuses and methods for laminating webmaterials together have addressed some of the problems of achieving suchlamination in the absence of adhesives, they have not addressed theproblems to the extent of or in the manner of the present invention. Forexample, and without intending to thereby limit the scope of the presentinvention, providing an apparatus wherein laminating is achieved throughthe use of pressure biased laminating rolls which are operated with apredetermined surface velocity differential between them as provided byone aspect of the present invention; and providing an apparatus havingheated, velocity matched laminating members having pattern elementshaving areas of greater than 0.002 square inches (about 0.013 squarecentimeters) which apparatus is particularly useful at intermediate andhigh line velocities as is provided by another aspect of the presentinvention.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides, in one aspect, a method of dynamically bondingplural laminae together, at least one -of which laminae comprisesthermoplastic material. The method comprises the step of forwarding thelaminae through a nip between a patterned nip defining member and a nipdefining anvil member. The patterned nip defining member comprises anarray of pattern elements. The method further comprises pressure biasingthe nip defining members towards each other with a predeterminedpattern-element-psi loading; and rotating the nip defining members toprovide a predetermined surface velocity differential therebetween. Themethod may further comprise the step of heating each of the nip definingmembers to a surface temperature that is a predetermined number ofdegrees below the melt temperature of the thermoplastic lamina disposedclosest to it as the laminae are forwarded through the nip between thenip defining members. Preferably, the nip defining anvil member issmooth surfaced; and is operated at a surface velocity that is greaterthan the surface velocity of the patterned nip defining member.Additionally, the nip defining members are preferably operated with asurface velocity differential of from about 2 to about 40 percent; and,more preferably, with such surface velocity differential in the range offrom about 2 to about 20 percent.

In another aspect of the invention, a method of operating an apparatusfor dynamically bonding plural laminae together is provided whichassures bonds of high structural integrity in the absence of tearing andthe like while assuring longevity of the pattern elements of itspatterned nip defining member. Essentially this method entails operatingone of the nip defining members at a predetermined velocity: e.g., apredetermined line speed in a converting apparatus. Then adjusting thevelocity of the other nip defining member and the level of pressurebiasing of the nip defining members towards each other to determine anoperating point (i.e., a desired line velocity at a given velocitydifferential between the nip defining members and at a given level ofnip pressure biasing) at which satisfactory autogenous bonding can beachieved at a level of nip pressure biasing substantially lower thanwould be required in the absence of a velocity differential between thenip defining members. Preferably, the operating point for each linespeed will be at a sufficiently high differential velocity to enableoperating at a non-deleterious level of nip biasing pressure to achievesatisfactory bonding: i.e., strong bonding in the absence of deleterioustearing or perforating of the laminae. However, at intermediate and highline velocities, operating points may be realized at zero velocitydifferential: i.e., with the nip defining members having equal surfacevelocities. Generally speaking, non-deleterious levels of nip biasingpressures are pressures below the yield strength of the pattern elementsof patterned nip defining members and the like. Such biasing levelsassure substantial useful life of the pattern elements disposed on thepatterned nip defining member.

In yet another aspect of the invention, an apparatus is provided fordynamically bonding plural laminae together, at least one of whichlaminae comprises sufficient thermoplastic material to enabledynamically bonding the laminae together: For example, through theapplication of heat and pressure as opposed to the application ofadhesives, bonding agents, and the like. The apparatus comprises arelief patterned nip defining member and a nip defining anvil memberthat is preferably smooth surfaced; and means for adjustably andcontrollably pressure biasing the nip defining members together, andoperating them at controlled surface velocities and with a controlledsurface velocity differential. Preferably, the apparatus furthercomprises means for independently heating the nip defining members sothat the surface temperature of each is within a predetermined rangebelow the melt temperature of whichever lamina of the laminae thatcomprises thermoplastic material is disposed closest to each respectivenip defining member as the laminae are forwarded through the nip definedby the nip defining members.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

While the specification concludes with claims which particularly pointout and distinctly claim the subject matter regarded as forming thepresent invention, it is believed that the invention will be betterunderstood from the following description taken in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a fragmentary, somewhat schematic side elevational view of anexemplary apparatus embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the patterned cylinder of the bondingapparatus shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is an enlarged scale, fragmentary view looking radially inwardlytoward a pattern element--a bonding lug--which is disposed on thecylindrical surface of the patterned cylinder shown in FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 is a fragmentary sectional view taken along section line 4--4 ofFIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is an enlarged scale, fragmentary plan view of two laminae havingoverlapping edge portions bonded together through the use of the presentinvention.

FIG. 6 is a somewhat schematic, fragmentary sectional view taken alongsection line 6--6 of FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 is an enlarged scale, fragmentary plan view that is similar toFIG. 5 but wherein a different pattern of bonds is shown for lap bondingedge portions of two laminae together through the use of the presentinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A somewhat schematic, fragmentary side elevational view of a dynamicmechanical bonding apparatus 20 which is an embodiment of the presentinvention is shown in FIG. 1. Apparatus 20 comprises: patterned cylinder22; anvil cylinder 24; means 26 for adjustably biasing cylinders 22 and24 towards each other with a predetermined pressure within apredetermined range of pressures; means 28 and 29 for rotating cylinders22 and 24, respectively, at independently controlled velocities toprovide a predetermined surface velocity differential therebetween;temperature control means 30a and 30b for independently heatingcylinders 22 and 24, respectively, to provide predetermined surfacetemperatures thereon; and rolls 31 through 38. Laminae 41 and 42, andlaminate 45 are also shown in FIG. 1. Additionally, apparatus 20comprises a frame, not shown; and means, not shown, for driving rolls 31through 38 for controllably forwarding laminae 41 and 42 through the nip43 defined between cylinder 22 and cylinder 24, and for enablingforwarding the resulting laminate--laminate 45--to downstream apparatussuch as a roll winder or web converting apparatus: for example, adisposable diaper converter.

For clarity of the present invention, neither the upstream ends orsources of laminae 41 and 42, nor the downstream destination or user oflaminate 45 are shown. However, for example, it is well known to providelaminae of thermoplastic films, and paper and other webs in roll form;and to provide upstream unwinding and splicing means to enableforwarding continuous lengths of such laminae through laminating meansand or converters to make products comprising laminated and/or other webelements at controlled velocities and under controlled tension.

Parenthetically, for simplicity and clarity of the invention, apparatus20 is described herein as comprising cylinders 22 and 24. However,cylinders are but exemplary nip defining members as stated hereinbefore.Accordingly, it is not intended to thereby limit the invention toapparatus comprising cylinders per se. In the same vein, use of the termpattern element is not intended to limit the invention to bondingpatterns consisting of only discrete, spaced pattern elements to theexclusion of other patterns: e.g., reticulated patterns or patternscomprising continuous or elongate lines of bonding.

Briefly, referring to apparatus 20, FIG. 1, the present inventionenables thermolaminating certain laminae together--providing at leastone of the laminae comprises sufficient thermoplastic material that issusceptible to being thermobonded to the other laminae--by forwardingthe laminae together through a pressure biased nip between a patternedcylinder and an anvil cylinder which cylinders have a predeterminedsurface velocity difference between them. Such laminating can beeffected at substantially lower nip biasing pressure (i.e.,substantially lower psi loadings on the pattern elements of thepatterned cylinder) than if the cylinders are operated at equal surfacevelocities. Directionally, the greater the surface velocitydifferential, the lower the required nip biasing pressure. However, toogreat a surface velocity differential may precipitate tearing of thelaminae, or the formation of unwanted holes or perforations therein soshould preferably be avoided. Additionally, such laminating may beeffected with even lower nip biasing pressure if one or both of thecylinders is heated: preferably to temperatures which are sufficientlylower than the melting points of the laminae that the laminae will notmelt or stick to the laminating cylinders in the event, for example, theapparatus is temporarily stopped.

Referring now to FIG. 2, patterned cylinder 22 is configured to have acircular cylindrical surface 52, and a plurality of protuberances orpattern elements 51 which extend outwardly from surface 52. Theprotuberances are disposed in a predetermined pattern: each patternelement being configured and disposed to precipitate a bond site in thelaminate being produced to effect a predetermined pattern of bond sitesin the laminate. As shown in FIG. 2, cylinder 22 has a saw-tooth shapepattern of protuberances 51 which extend circumferentially about eachend of the cylinder. Such a cylinder is configured, for example, tolaminate or lap-seam together a relatively narrow perforated web to eachmachine direction side edge of an imperforate web or thermoplastic filmto form a backsheet for a disposable diaper having breathable sideedges. Fragmentary side edge portions of exemplary such lap-seamedlaminates comprising laminae having overlapping side edges areillustrated in FIGS. 5, 6 and 7 albeit neither lamina is shown to beperforated in those figures. In an exemplary embodiment of theinvention, cylinder 22 is steel, and has a diameter of about 11.4 inches(about 29 cm.).

Anvil cylinder 24, FIG. 1, is preferably a smooth surfaced, rightcircular cylinder of steel. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention,anvil cylinder 24 has a 4.5 inch (about 11.4 cm.) diameter, and isindependently power rotated by a speed controlled direct current motor.

Means 26, FIG. 1, for biasing patterned cylinder 22 towards anvilcylinder 24 comprises pressure regulating means 55, and pneumaticactuator means 56. Pressure regulating means 55 is adapted to have itsinlet connected to a supply source P of pressurized air, and to have itsoutlet connected to pneumatic actuator means 56 in order to adjust andcontrol the pneumatic actuator means loading of cylinders 22 and 24towards each other. Whereas only one pneumatic actuator or means 56 isvisible in FIG. 1, identical actuators are in fact connected to each endjournal of the cylinder; and, of course, each end journal is supportedby frame members and ancillary hardware (not shown) to be verticallymoveable so that, in fact, the pressure biasing means can be effective.

Drive means 28, and drive means 29, FIG. 1, are provided toindependently drive cylinders 22 and 24, respectively. Thus, theyconstitute means for power rotating the cylinders so that there is apredetermined but adjustable relationship between their surfacevelocities. This can be synchronous, or assynchronous: equal surfacevelocities; or with a predetermined surface velocity differential witheither cylinder being driven faster than the other. In an exemplaryembodiment that is integrated into a disposable diaper converter,patterned cylinder 22 is driven by the converter line drive through agear train so that its surface velocity is essentially matched to theline velocity of the converter; and, as stated above, anvil cylinder 24is powered by an independently speed controlled DC (direct current)drive. This enables adjusting the surface velocity of the anvil cylinderto be equal to, or less than, or greater than the surface velocity ofthe patterned cylinder by predetermined amounts or percentages.

Temperature control means 30a and 30b, FIG. 1, are provided toadjustably control the surface temperatures of cylinders 22 and 24,respectively. As stated above, these means enable independently heatingeach of the cylinders 22 and 24 to establish surface temperaturesthereon that are predetermined degrees below the melt temperature of thethermoplastic lamina disposed most adjacent to each. As also statedabove, such heating enables effecting thermobonding of the laminae atlower nip biasing pressure than would otherwise be required for anygiven line speed and surface velocity differential between cylinders 22and 24; and obviates having the laminae melting and sticking to thecylinders during, for example, converter and/or laminator stops.

Rolls 31 through 38, inclusive, are provided for guiding and advancingwebs or laminae 41 and 42, and laminate 45 through and away from nip 43.Preferably these rolls are driven at surface velocities which maintainpredetermined levels of tension or stretch so that neither slack webconditions nor excessively tensioned/stretched webs and or laminateprecipitate undesirable deleterious consequences. For example, in anexemplary disposable diaper converter comprising the present invention,rolls 31 through 38, and cylinder 22 are driven through gear trains andthe like from the main converter drive to provide a nominal draw ofabout one percent in the lengths of webs 41 and 42 being forwarded tonip 43 from the S-wrap roll pairs 31/32 and 33/34 for web forwardingcontrol purposes; and about an equal amount of additional draw in thelength of laminate 45 being forwarded from nip 43 by the S-wrap driverolls 37 and 38.

Turning now to FIG. 3, a fragmentary portion of cylinder 22 is shownwhich comprises one pattern element 51 disposed on cylindrical surface52. FIG. 4, a fragmentary sectional view taken along section line 4--4of FIG. 3, shows that the pattern element 51 is an integral portion ofcylinder 22, has substantially vertical side surfaces, and projectsradially outwardly a distance H: i.e., the radial height of the patternelement. While such an integral relationship is preferred, it is notintended to thereby limit the present invention to such integralconstructions. In an exemplary apparatus 20, pattern element 51 has anoval planform having a width of about 0.055 inch (about 0.14 cm.),length of about 0.086 inch (about 0.22 cm.), end radii of about 0.0275inch (about 0.07 cm.), end areas of about 0.004 square inches (about0.026 square centimeters) and are oriented on the surface of cylinder 22with their width dimensions extending circumferentially. Starting with aright circular cylinder, pattern elements 51 were machined by removingsurrounding metal by electric discharge machining to a depth of fromabout 0.015 to about 0.020 inch (about 0.4 mm to about 0.5 mm).Additionally, they were spaced--center to center--about 0.070 inchcircumferentially (i.e., in the machine direction), and about 0.072 inchlaterally (i.e., in the cross machine direction). A variation of such anelement has a slightly chamfered edge: i.e., about 0.010 inch wide edgeportion beveled at about forty-five degrees.

FIG. 5 is a plan view of a fragmentary portion of laminate 45, FIG. 1,comprising overlapping edge portions of laminae 41 and 42 which havebeen thermobonded together by a pattern of bond sites 51b: the patternbeing the pattern of pattern elements which extends circumferentiallyabout one end of pattern cylinder 22, FIG. 2. For clarity, the machinedirection oriented edges of laminae 41 and 42 are designated 41e and42e, respectively, in FIG. 5.

FIG. 6, is a somewhat schematic, fragmentary sectional view taken alongsection line 6--6 of FIG. 5, which illustratively shows a bond site 51bwhich thermobonds laminae 41 and 42 together to form laminate 45. Asshown, the bond site 51b has a bottom surface 51bb; substantiallyvertical side walls 53 and 54; and shows the top surface of the bondsite to be recessed substantially further below the top surface of web41 than the bottom surface 51bb is recessed from the bottom surface ofweb 42. While not wishing to be bound by a theory of operation, it isbelieved that such recessing on the pattern-element side of laminate 45may be precipitated by the pattern elements 51 displacing portions ofthe laminae per se; and the recessing on the anvil facing side of thelaminate may be precipitated by cooling and removal of compressiveforces upon laminate 45 upon its issuing from nip 43, FIG. 1. Indeed, insome lamina, portions of bond sites may even protrude rather than beingrecessed.

FIG. 7, a plan view of a fragmentary portion of an alternate laminate145 made in accordance with the present invention. Laminate 145 isdifferent from laminate 45 inasmuch as the zig zag pattern of bond sitesof laminate 145 comprises only 3 bond sites per leg whereas the patternof laminate 45, FIG. 5, comprises 5 bond sites per leg; and the bondsites of laminate 145 were precipitated by pattern elements similar topattern elements 1, FIG. 4, but for having sloped sides rather thanvertical sides. Thus, each bond site 151b of laminate 145 has tapered orfilleted side walls 151f.

An exemplary embodiment of apparatus 20, FIG. 1, comprising theexemplary elements described above was operated as follows to makesample laminates comprising overlapping side edge portions of twothermoplastic laminae.

SAMPLE SET 1

A first set of samples--samples 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, and 1e --comprisingidentical polyethylene laminae having nominal thicknesses of aboutone-and-two-tenths mil (about 0.03 mm), and melt temperatures of about225 degrees Fahrenheit (about 107 degrees Celcius) were run at aconstant line velocity of about four-hundred-fifty feet per minute(about 137 meters per minute); and with both nip defining cylindersheated to provide surface temperatures of about one-hundred-sixtydegrees Fahrenheit (about 73 degrees Celcius). Four different anvilcylinder surface velocities were set: minus five, zero, five, ten, andtwenty percent faster than the patterned cylinder/line velocity. At eachdifferential velocity condition, the nip biasing pressure was adjustedto precipitate bonds having about equal nominal peel strengths. Theresults are tabulated in TABLE 1. Note that nip biasing air pressure(i.e., the pressure adjusted by regulator 55, FIG. 1) values areincluded as well as calculated nominal pattern element loadings inpounds per square inch (psi). Without intending to thereby limit thepresent invention, it is believed that the relative values of pressure(i.e., their differences) manifest a principal benefit of the invention:that substantially lower pressures can be used in combination withgreater velocity differentials to achieve bonds having approximately thesame nominal peel strengths. This benefit translates, of course, intosubstantially longer pattern element lives.

                  TABLE 1                                                         ______________________________________                                             Differential                                                                              Nip                                                               Velocity,   Biasing                                                      Sam- Anvil Cylinder                                                                            Actuating Calculated Relative                                ple  Faster Than Cylinders,                                                                              Pattern Element                                                                          Peel                                    No.  Patterned Cyl.                                                                            psi       Loading, kpsi                                                                            Strength                                ______________________________________                                        la   -5%         40        90         475                                     1b   0%          50        113        500                                     lc   5%          40        90         475                                     ld   10%         30        68         475                                     le   20%         20        45         450                                     ______________________________________                                    

Generally speaking, TABLE 1 illustrates that nip biasing pressure anddifferential velocity are inversely related. That is, all other thingsbeing equal, nip biasing pressure may be reduced as differentialvelocity is increased. Thus, nip biasing pressure may be set at valuesbelow the yield point of the pattern elements to assure relatively longoperating lives for the pattern elements.

SAMPLE SET 2

A second set of samples--samples 2a, 2b, 2c, and 2d --were run using thesame laminae as for sample Set No. 1 at constant nip biasing cylinderpressure of about 40 psi (i.e., a calculated pattern element value ofabout 90,000 psi); and with the cylinders still heated toone-hundred-sixty degrees Fahrenheit. At four selected line velocities,the velocity differential was adjusted to precipitate bonds having aboutequal nominal peel strengths. The resulting data are tabulated in TABLE2.

                  TABLE 2                                                         ______________________________________                                                            Differential                                                                  Velocity,                                                                     Anvil Cylinder                                            Sample                                                                              Line Velocity,                                                                              Faster Than   Relative                                    No.   Feet Per Minute                                                                             Patterned Cylinder                                                                          Peel Strength                               ______________________________________                                        2a    450           20%           620                                         2b    600           10            600                                         2c    675           5%            580                                         2d    900           0             630                                         ______________________________________                                    

Generally speaking, TABLE 2 illustrates that line velocity anddifferential velocity are inversely related. That is, all other thingsbeing equal, as line speed increases, lower or no differential velocityis required to achieve a given nominal level of bond peel strength.Additionally, while peel strength data were taken in grams per inchunits, only relative values are listed in the tables inasmuch asdifferent test methodologies may precipitate different values.

SAMPLE SET 3

A third set of samples--Samples 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, and 3e--were laminatedfrom the same laminae as Sample Sets 1 and 2 above, using zerodifferential velocity, and heating both nip defining cylinders to aboutone-hundred-eighty degrees Fahrenheit (about 82 degrees Celcius). Fivevalues of line velocity were set; then, the nip biasing pressure wasadjusted to precipitate bonds having about equal nominal peel strengths.The resulting data are tabulated in TABLE 3.

                  TABLE 3                                                         ______________________________________                                              Line     Biasing                                                              Velocity,                                                                              Actuating  Calculated Relative                                 Sample                                                                              Feet Per Cylinders, Pattern Element                                                                          Peel                                     No.   Minute   psi        Loading, kpsi                                                                            Strength                                 ______________________________________                                        3a    100      70         158        420                                      3b    170      50         113        460                                      3c    300      50         113        470                                      3d    450      40         90         450                                      3e    600      30         68         450                                      ______________________________________                                    

Generally speaking, these data illustrate that--in the absence ofdifferential velocity between the nip defining cylinders--the amount ofnip biasing pressure required decreases as line velocity increases:particularly above three-hundred feet per minute (about 91.4 meters perminute); and, more particularly, at and above about four-hundred-fiftyfeet per minute (about 137 meters per minute).

Reflecting back to TABLES 1, 2 and 3, they essentially resulted fromexploring three parameters two at a time: nip biasing pressure, velocitydifferential between the defining cylinders, and line velocity. Anotherimportant variable with respect to this invention is the temperature(s)to which the surfaces of the nip defining members (i.e., their surfaces)are heated. Generally speaking, all other things being equal, ascylinder temperature is increased from ambient towards the meltingtemperature of the thermoplastic lamina disposed closest to or incontact with the cylinder, bonds of increasing strength will be realizedup to a point; and further increases in cylinder temperatures willproduce bonds of lesser strength. In general, cylinder surfacetemperatures in the range of from about forty to about one-hundreddegrees Fahrenheit below the melt temperature of the lamina disposedclosest to or in contact with each respective nip defining cylinderproduce high strength bonds, and without precipitating holes in thelaminae. Directionally, optimum cylinder surface temperatures areinversely related to line velocity: higher cylinder temperatures beingpreferred at relatively slow line velocities, and lower cylindertemperatures being preferred at relatively high line velocities. Thus,for example, with the identical laminae (both polyethylene having amelting temperature of about two-hundred-twenty-five degrees Fahrenheit)as utilized for Sample Sets 1, 2, and 3, satisfactory bondstrengths--all other things being equal--were achieved at cylindertemperatures of about one hundred-forty degrees Fahrenheit (about 60degrees Celcius) at a line velocity of about six-hundred feet per minute(about 183 meters per minute). When one lamina was replaced with ahigher melting point polyethylene--a film having a melting point ofabout two-hundred-fifty-seven degrees Fahrenheit (about 125 degreesCelcius)--comparable strength bonds were achieved by heating thecylinder in contact with that lamina to a temperature of aboutone-hundred-seventy degrees Fahrenheit (about 77 degrees Celcius).

While not wishing to be bound by a theory of operation, it is believedthat differential velocity--when used--contributes shear energy toenable dynamic, mechanically induced, thermobonding. This is in additionto heat generated from molecular flow/fluid friction as bond-sitethermoplastic is quickly displaced by the intrusion of pattern elementsinto the thermoplastic laminae. Additionally, inasmuch as effectivebonding of webs or laminae occurs when they are at room ambienttemperature going into the nip, it is believed that heating the nipdefining members (e.g., cylinders 22 and 24) acts more to retard heatflow from the bond sites rather than being a source of heat flow intothe bond sites. Moreover, inasmuch as maximum bond strengths arenormally achieved at cylinder temperatures well below the melttemperatures of the laminae, it is believed that bonds made at highertemperatures do not wholly set as the laminate is forwarded from thebonding nip. Indeed, at high line speeds, good bonding may be achievedwithout heating the cylinders; i.e., having the cylinders at roomambient temperature.

While specific examples have been described above, generally speaking,velocity differentials in the range of from about 2 to about 40 percentare preferred; from about 2 to about 20 percent are more preferred; andthe surface velocity of the anvil cylinder is preferably greater thanthe pattern cylinder albeit it is not intended to thereby limit thepresent invention. Additionally, while it is preferred that the anvilcylinder have a smooth cylindrical surface, it is also not intended tothereby limit the invention to a laminating apparatus comprising asmooth surfaced anvil cylinder. Moreover, while the invention has beendiscussed above through the use of two laminae in continuous length webforms, it is not intended to thereby limit the invention to eithercontinuous laminae or to two laminae. That is, discontinuous discretelengths of lamina can also be laminated through application of thisinvention; and, of course, greater than two laminae may be laminatedthrough application of this invention.

Referring back to FIG. 4, pattern element 51 is shown to have a heightH. Generally speaking, bond sites of minimum thickness are obtained whenH is greater than the sum of the thicknesses of the laminae beinglaminated: e.g., the sum of the thicknesses of laminae 41 and 42 for theexamples described above. Such dimensioned pattern elements generallyprecipitate bond sites having nominal thicknesses of about one-half mil(about 0.0127 mm) when the laminae have nominal thicknesses of about onemil each. In the event thicker bond sites are desired, the patternelements must have heights which are about equal to or sufficiently lessthan the sum of the thicknesses of the laminae to precipitate bond siteshaving the desired thicknesses.

While particular embodiments of the present invention have beenillustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in theart that various other changes and modifications can be made withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is, therefore,intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes andmodifications that are within the scope of this invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of dynamically bonding plural laminaetogether, at least one of which laminae comprises thermoplasticmaterial, said method comprising the steps of:forwarding said laminae,with portions thereof in face to face relation, through a pressurebiased nip between a relief patterned nip defining member having patternelement segments, and a nip defining anvil member; biasing said nipdefining members towards each other with a predetermined pattern-elementloading of not more than about 90,000 psi; and driving said nip definingmembers to provide a predetermined surface velocity differentialtherebetween, said surface velocity differential having a magnitude offrom about 2 to about 40 percent of the surface velocity of said nipdefining member having the lower surface velocity.
 2. The method ofclaim 1 further comprising the step of heating each said nip definingmember to a predetermined surface temperature to facilitate dynamicallythermobonding said laminae together.
 3. The method of claim 2 whereinsaid predetermined surface temperature of each said nip defining memberis a predetermined number of degrees below the melt temperature of thethermoplastic lamina disposed most adjacent thereto.
 4. The method ofclaim 2 wherein said predetermined surface temperature of each said nipdefining member having a direct contacting relation with a thermoplasticlamina is limited to a surface temperature that is a predeterminednumber of degrees below the melt temperature of the thermoplastic laminain direct contacting relation therewith.
 5. The method of claim 1wherein said nip defining anvil member is rotatably mounted, andcomprises smooth surface portions for opposing said pattern elements,said surface portions being circular cylindrical sectors.
 6. The methodof claim 1 wherein said nip defining anvil member is driven with agreater surface velocity than said patterned nip defining member.
 7. Themethod of claim 1, 2, 5 or 6 wherein said surface velocity differentialis in the range of from about 2 to about 20 percent of the surfacevelocity of said nip defining member having the lower surface velocity.8. The method of claim 1 wherein said patterned nip defining member isrotatably mounted and is driven at a surface velocity essentiallymatched to the forwarding velocity of said laminae through said nip. 9.The method of clam 8 wherein said nip defining anvil member is rotatablymounted and is driven with a greater surface velocity than saidpatterned nip defining member.
 10. A method of operating an apparatusfor dynamically bonding plural laminae together at least one of whichlaminae comprises thermoplastic material, said apparatus comprising apatterned nip defining member and a nip defining anvil member, means formounting said nip defining members to define a nip therebetween throughwhich nip said laminae may be forwarded with portions thereof in face toface relation, means for controllably biasing said nip defining memberstowards each other, and means for driving said nip defining members toprovide predetermined surface velocities, said method comprising thesteps of:driving one of said nip defining members at a predeterminedfirst surface velocity of at least about 450 feet per minute; andinteractively driving the other of said nip defining members to providea surface velocity differential relative to said predetermined firstsurface velocity of from about 2 to about 40 percent of the surfacevelocity of said nip defining member having the lower surface velocity,in combination with a substantially non-deleterious level of saidbiasing to effect dynamically thermally bonding said laminae togetherwhile obviating deleterious tearing or perforating of said laminae. 11.The method of claim 10 further comprising the step of adjusting andcontrolling the surface temperature of each said nip defining member atan elevated predetermined surface temperature to augment dynamicallythermobonding said laminae together.
 12. The method of claim 11 whereinsaid predetermined surface temperature of each nip defining member is apredetermined number of degrees below the melt temperature of thethermoplastic lamina disposed most adjacent thereto.
 13. The method ofclaim 11 wherein said predetermined surface temperature of each said nipdefining member having a direct contacting relation with a thermoplasticlamina being limited to a surface temperature that is a predeterminednumber of degrees below the melt temperature of the thermoplastic laminain direct contacting relation therewith to obviate melting or stickingof said laminae in the event the surface velocities of said nip definingmembers are materially reduced while said laminae extend through saidnip.
 14. The method of claim 10 or 11 wherein said nip defining anvilmember is driven with a greater surface velocity than said patterned nipdefining member.
 15. The method of claim 10 wherein said patterned nipdefining member is rotatably mounted and is driven at a surface velocityessentially matched to the forwarding velocity of said laminae throughsaid nip.
 16. The method of claim 15 wherein said nip defining anvilmember is rotatably mounted and is driven with a greater surfacevelocity than said patterned nip defining member.